1. The Global Journey of a Simple Pencil

Consider the humble pencil. Its creation is a masterclass in global cooperation:

• Wood: Oregon’s forests
• Graphite: Sri Lanka’s mines
• Erasers: Malaysian rubber plantations
• Metal Bands: Chilean copper
• Glue: Brazilian resin
• 装配： Chinese factories

“No single authority dictates this process. Millions act voluntarily, guided by market signals, to produce pencils at astonishingly low costs.” – Nobel laureate Milton Friedman

This story reveals the invisible hand of free markets. Each participant focuses on their strength, creating a product cheaper and better than any centralized system could achieve.

2. China’s Role in Global Trade

China, often called the “world’s factory,” also benefits immensely from globalization:

• Chinese families stream Hollywood blockbusters
• They enjoy affordable Argentine beef
• Gamers play Black Myth: Wukong using NVIDIA GPUs

This isn’t just trade—it’s cultural and technological exchange. Globalization creates:

• Better-paying jobs
• Lower-cost consumer goods
• Access to life-enhancing technologies

The past 200 years have seen humanity create more wealth than in all previous millennia combined—a testament to global cooperation.

3. A 100-Year-Old Vision of Globalization

John Maynard Keynes, in his 1919 book The Economic Consequences of the Peace, described early 20th-century globalization:

“A Londoner could order goods by phone, invest abroad, and travel visa-free. Currency exchange required no paperwork.”

Replace “phone” with “internet” and “steamships” with “airplanes,” and his words describe today’s world perfectly. This proves a universal truth: progress belongs to all nations, not just a privileged few.

4. Why Some Oppose Globalization

If trade benefits all, why do some resist it? The answer lies in profit distribution:

• Monopoly vs. Competition: Dominant players see smaller margins when competition increases
• U.S. Example: After WWII, the U.S. dominated trade. But by the 1980s, financial deregulation and deindustrialization shifted it from creditor to debtor nation
• Rising Powers: China, India, and Vietnam industrialized rapidly, reducing U.S. economic dominance

5. Globalization’s Challenges

Keynes warned about these flaws over a century ago:

1. Wealth Inequality: Capital flows freely, but worker wages stagnate
2. Financial Instability: Unregulated capital caused the 1929 Depression and 2008 crisis
3. Geopolitical Risks: Trade didn’t prevent WWI, nor does it resolve modern tensions

6. How Nations Respond to Challenges

Countries face two paths:

• Internal Reform: Improve labor laws, regulate banks, boost education
• External Blame: Impose tariffs, start trade wars

U.S. Approach:

Elon Musk’s innovations compete globally, while “Made in America” policies attempt to revive manufacturing. However, powerful interest groups often block reforms.

China’s Approach:

China focuses on internal improvements:

• Restructuring the economy
• Boosting domestic consumption
• Raising household incomes
• Improving business environments

As Mencius said, “When efforts fall short, seek solutions within yourself.” Domestic stability strengthens global stability.

7. The Future of Global Trade

In a competitive world, success requires:

• A shared vision for humanity’s future
• Balancing competition with fairness
• Ensuring no nation is left behind

Since the 1840s, generations have fought for progress. Today’s challenges demand adaptability—like a tree that grows deeper roots to withstand storms.

Key Takeaways

1. Free Markets Work: Global cooperation raises living standards
2. No Monopoly on Progress: All nations can innovate
3. Reform, Don’t Blame: Address inequality and instability
4. Adapt or Decline: Lasting success requires self-improvement